Biota : Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu-Ilmu Hayati

Sago Starch-Lipid Complex Formation under Varying Fatty Acid Concentrations for Emulsion Stability Improvement

Eduard Fransisco Tethool — 2025-06-30

The amount of fatty acids added is critical in creating starch-lipid complexes, which can affect their formation and properties. To use the complex to stabilize oil-in-water emulsion systems, this study intends to assess the effects of fatty acid concentrations on the effectiveness of starch-lipid complex formation and the properties of the resulting complexes. Ultrasonication was used to produce starch-lipid complexes from sago starch with different fatty acid contents (10, 12.5, 15, 17.5, and 20%) for the study. The results demonstrated that adding fatty acids up to 15% concentration significantly improved the water absorption capacity (WAC). In contrast, increasing the complexing index (CI), relative crystallinity (RC), oil absorption capacity (OAC), and contact angle of sago starch-lipid complexes. When the concentration of fatty acids was raised over 15%, the properties of the starch-lipid complex did not change considerably. A concentration of 15% with CI 67.07%, RC 37.94%, WAC 1.352 mL/g, OAC 1.370 mL/g, contact angle 70.82 °, emulsion capacity 36.72%, and emulsion stability 35.80% was shown to be the optimal amount of fatty acids for the production of sago starch-lipid complex. Emulsion stability and capacity can be maintained using a sago starch-lipid complex with an ideal fatty acid concentration of 15%.

Analisa Pendugaan Interaksi dan Dominasi Antara Jamur Saprofit dari Seresah Kulit Buah Kakao (Theobroma cacao L.)

Ahmad Ilham Tanzil — 2025-06-30

Saat ini kendala utama dalam budidaya kakao yaitu terkait penyakit busuk buah kakao yang disebabkan oleh jamur patogen Phytophthora palmivora masih belum terselesaikan. Hal ini disebabkan kondisi perkebunan kakao yang lembab menyebabkan patogen lebih cepat berkembang dan meluas dalam waktu singkat. Hal tersebut ditambah dengan seresah kulit buah kakao yang menjadi sumber inoculum penyebaran patogen. Sejauh ini petani melakukan pengendalian dengan bantuan fungisida kimia sintetik yang mahal dan tidak ramah lingkungan. Alternatif pengendalian yang murah dan ramah lingkungan yaitu dengan memanfaatkan jamur saprofit isolat lokal dari kulit buah kakao yang dapat berperan sebagai agens hayati. Penelitian dilakukan pengujian interaksi dan dominasi sesama jamur saprofit. Tujuannya adalah untuk mengetahui kemampuan berkompetisi dan hubungan antara jamur saprofit satu dengan jamur saprofit lainnya. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian bahwa jamur saprofit diduga memiliki hubungan interaksi kompetisi, mikoparasit dan antibiosis. Sedangkan hasil dominasi terendah hingga tertinggi yaitu Trichoderma sp. 3, Aspergillus sp., Trichoderma sp. 2, Trichoderma sp. 1, Rhizopus sp., Fusidium sp., Penicillium sp., dan Candida sp. Jamur saprofit dari seresah kulit buah kakao memiliki potensi dalam mengendalikan Phytophthora palmivora.

Keanekaragaman Biota Sungai Sebagai Bioindikator Kualitas Sungai di Wilayah Jatimalang Kabupaten Sukoharjo

Desrini Prapti Nurrohmah — 2025-06-30

Sungai memegang peranan penting dalam menopang kehidupan,namun, kesehatan ekologisnya semakin terancam oleh polusi, yang menyebabkan penurunan kualitas air. Di Kabupaten Sukoharjo, Indonesia, sungai yang mengalir melalui Wilayah Jatimalang telah teridentifikasi tercemar secara signifikan, ditandai dengan air yang terus-menerus keruh. Kekeruhan ini kemungkinan besar disebabkan oleh pembuangan limbah antropogenik dari masyarakat sekitar. Untuk menilai sejauh mana tingkat pencemaran ini, studi biomonitoring dilakukan dengan mengevaluasi keanekaragaman komunitas makroinvertebrata bentik. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di tiga stasiun pengambilan sampel, mengidentifikasi total 253 individu yang terdiri dari 12 spesies dari 11 famili. Indeks keanekaragaman Shannon-Wiener (H') yang dihitung untuk ketiga stasiun termasuk dalam kategori sedang (1<H′<3), dan Stasiun II menunjukkan keanekaragaman tertinggi, yaitu 1,526. Indeks dominansi (D) untuk semua stasiun secara konsisten rendah (0<D≤0,5). Analisis kelimpahan relatif mengungkapkan Sulcospira testudinaria sebagai spesies yang paling melimpah (24%), sedangkan Xylocopa pubescens, Pseudagrion microcephalum, dan Argiope aurantia adalah yang paling sedikit (0%). Temuan-temuan ini, khususnya keanekaragaman sedang dan dominansi rendah meskipun terdapat kekeruhan, membuktikan bahwa sungai di Wilayah Jatimalang mengalami gangguan ekologis yang signifikan dan tercemar.

Natural Dye as an Alternative to Hematoxylin-Eosin Staining on Histological Preparations

Ina Karlina — 2025-06-30

Hematoxylin-eosin is widely utilized in the field of animal microtechniques. However, the need to develop alternative dyes from natural sources such as plants has gained attention. Several studies have shown that many plants contain secondary metabolites with the potential to be developed as natural dyes. Lonchocarpus cyanescens and Syzygium cumini are promising candidates as alternative dyes for hematoxylin, while Lawsonia inermis and Hibiscus sabdariffa have shown potential as substitute dyes for eosin. These plants contain various secondary metabolites, including anthocyanins, flavonoids, chlorophyll, betalains, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, carbohydrates, proteins, phenolics, terpenoids, quinones, coumarins, xanthones, and resins. L. cyanescens exhibits a strong binding affinity to cells and tissues, particularly testicular tissue. Dyes derived from Syzygium cumini have been shown to provide a good staining result for rat liver cells. In contrast, dyes from Lawsonia inermis can stain cytoplasmic components and muscle fibers. Additionally, the dye from Hibiscus sabdariffa is capable of staining various biological components, including sperm, nerve cells, and blood cells. The dye preparation process involved extraction from different plant organs, such as leaves, flowers, and fruit. These findings suggest that secondary metabolites from these four plants hold significant potential for development as natural dyes to replace hematoxylin-eosin in histological applications.

Vigor Enhancement of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) using Spirulina platensis as Seed Priming Agent

Indah Wahyu Pratiwi — 2025-06-30

Seed priming is a technique to enhance seed germination. Biopriming, a specific method, involves soaking seeds in biological agents such as Spirulina platensis, a microalga that can thrive in agricultural waste including Sugar Mill Effluent (SME). Spirulina sp. contains various beneficial growth hormones, making it a potential seed priming agent. This research aimed to determine the effectiveness of tomato seed priming using Spirulina platensis grown on SME. The research was conducted from May to August 2024 at the Seed Technology Laboratory, Politeknik Negeri Jember. The research method used a factorial Completely Randomized Design which included Spirulina platensis biomass concentrations (0, 30, 45, and 60%) and soaking durations (1, 2, and 3 hours). Analysis of variance using the Bonferroni post-hoc test at a 5% level using GraphPad Prism version 5.01. The results showed that seed priming with S. platensis positively influenced several physiological parameters, including mean germination time, vigor index, seed growth rate, and shoot length. These findings demonstrated that SME-grown S. platensis cells capable of improving the physiological quality of tomato seeds, making it one of the environmentally friendly seed invigorating techniques.

Enhancing Red-Chili (Capsicum annuum L.) Growth Using Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) Probiotics as Carrier

Mulyana Hadid — 2025-06-30

Red chili (Capsicum annuum L.) is a crucial horticultural commodity in Indonesia, necessitating expansion to meet the growing food demands. The formulation of carriers with probiotics is a promising solution for improving red chili growth. This study examines how the combination of carriers containing bacteria and Trichoderma from the intestines of Hermetia illucens larvae affects the growth of red chili cultivar Lembang-1. The research method used a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with six treatments. The treatment consisted of a group with the addition of a kaolin carrier with bacteria and Trichoderma (BTrK), a talc carrier with bacteria and Trichoderma (BTrT), a zeolite carrier with bacteria and Trichoderma (BTrZ), and a control group without a carrier (KtC), a positive control (K(+)), and a negative control (K(-). The Least Significant Difference (LSD) test showed that the addition of carriers affected increasing plant height and the number of branches compared to the negative control. Specifically, BTrK demonstrated the highest number of leaves and branches. The result concluded that adding carriers with probiotics from the intestine isolate of BSF larvae contributes to the improved growth of red chili. The implementation of carrier addition with probiotics is considered to be a sustainable strategy in agriculture.

Pharmacological Benefits of Porang (Amorphophallus muelleri Blume): A Review

Hanik Isnaini — 2025-06-30

Porang (Amorphophallus muelleri Blume) is a tuber plant from the Araceae family that grows wild in Indonesian forests. Porang tubers have a high content of the active compound glucomannan, a low-calorie hydrocolloid dietary fiber with various health benefits. However, its potential in the pharmaceutical field has not been fully explored scientifically, so this scientific review aims to explore the potential of glucomannan and other bioactive compounds in porang in the pharmaceutical field based on literature studies, as well as the challenges of developing it as a leading commodity in Indonesia. In addition to glucomannan, porang also contains secondary metabolites such as alkaloid, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and steroids. Research studies show that porang can be used in the treatment of various diseases, such as diabetes (especially type-2 diabetes mellitus), obesity, hypertension, and has the potential as anti-cholesterol, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, prebiotic agent, anti-bacterial, and wound healing. The majority of applications that are still in preclinical in vivo trials on experimental animals and the presence of calcium oxalate as an irritant compound are the challenges of developing Porang as herbal medicine. Therefore, the use of porang as herbal medicine still requires further research regarding safe processing and clinically appropriate dosage. Keywords: cacao fruit-rot, Phytophthora palmivora, biological control, decomposer.

Volatile Profiling of Root-Shoot and Fruits of Capsicum frutescens var. Salo Dua from Enrekang, Indonesia

Fatmawati Nur — 2025-06-30

Capsicum frutescens var. Salo Dua is a local variety cultivated in Enrekang Regency, South Sulawesi. It has unique traits of color transition during fruit ripening and extended post-harvest shelf life. However, the metabolite profiling in this potential variety has not been explored. This was an initial study that aimed to profile the volatile compounds in the root-shoot parts (as vegetative) and in the ripe fruits of Salo Dua variety. The instrument of Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to separate and characterize the volatile compounds. Our study revealed a higher number of forty-two volatiles in the ripe fruits compared to the twenty-eight volatiles in the shoot-root parts. The five major compositions of the chemical class in ripe fruits were characterized by the formation of alcohols (26%) followed by esters (19%), alkaloids (10%), fatty acids (10%), and ketones (7%). While the abundant volatiles in the root-shoot parts were shown by the presence of esters (29%), alcohols (21%), fatty acids (18%), alkaloids (11%), and heterocyclic (7%). There were nineteen volatiles that only emitted in the ripe fruits. Of which, capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin were detected in the ripe fruits with an average relative area of 1% and 0.51%, subsequently.

Dualisme Pemanfaatan Gulma Genjer (Limnocharis flava): Peluang Sebagai Agen Fitoremediasi dan Pangan Nutraseutika

Marsahanda Astri Ramagita — 2025-06-30

Tanaman Genjer (Limnocharis flava) adalah salah satu jenis gulma yang memiliki fungsi ganda sebagai bahan pangan nutraseutikan dan agen fitoremediasi. Pemanfaatan Genjer sebagai bahan pangan didasarkan pada kandungan metabolit sekunder yang terdapat didalamnya, seperti flavonoid, fenol, serta antioksidan yang berpotensi untuk dikembangkan sebagai bahan pangan fungsional serta obat tradisional. Selain itu, kemampuan tanaman Genjer sebagai agen fitoremediasi dalam menyerap senyawa pencemar seeperti logam berat, menjadikannya efektif dalam pengelolaan limbah cair. Tujuan review artikel ini dibuat untuk mengeksplorasi keunggulan dan tantangan dalam pengaplikasiannya. Metode penelitian ini yaitu literature review dengan menentukan topik yang dikaji, mengumpulkan artikel – artike, evaluasi, dan interpretasi hasil. Artikel yang digunakan merupakan artikel penelitian dari tahun 2015-2024 dan berasal dari google scholar. Hasil review menunjukkan bahwa tanaman Genjer tidak hanya berperan dalam kesehatan manusia melalui kandungan nutrisinya. Tapi juga mendukung keberlanjutan lingkungan dengan kemampuan sebagai agen fitoremediasi. Dengan pemahaman yang lebih lanjut, tanaman Genjer dapat dioptimalkan sebagai solusi yang inovatif dalam bidang pangan serta lingkungan.

Isolation and Screening of Cellulolytic Soil Bacteria from Dramaga Forest in Bogor

Ratu Weridyaningrum — 2025-06-30

Cellulolytic bacteria can produce cellulase enzymes, which allow them to degrade cellulose into simpler chemicals while using it as a growth substrate. These bacteria have drawn a lot of interest due to their unique properties and potential uses, such as in agriculture and the food industry. Soil is one of the habitats of cellulolytic bacteria. This study aims to determine the potential and screening of cellulolytic bacterial isolates. Cellulolytic bacteria were isolated from soil samples and cultured using selective Carboxyl Methyl Cellulose (CMC) media. Five purified isolates were collected, and their cellulase enzyme activity was qualitatively assessed using the Congo red test. Isolated bacteria code Area Jalan Setapak (AJS1) produced a higher clear zone index and will be used for further testing. Quantitative analysis of isolate AJS1 revealed its highest enzyme activity after ten minutes of incubation, with 0.0049 U/mL unit activity and 0.018 U/mg specific activity. Based on morphological and biochemical characteristics, isolated AJS1 was identified as Corynebacterium spp.

Allium spp. as a Source of Bioactive Antibacterials: A Review of Compounds, Mechanisms, and Effectiveness

Febry Rahmadhani Hasibuan — 2025-06-30

Allium spp. has long been recognized for its diverse therapeutic benefits, particularly as a natural source of antibacterial agents. Various bioactive compounds found in Allium spp., such as allicin, diallyl disulfide, ajoene, and quercetin, have demonstrated significant antimicrobial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial pathogens. Research on the mechanisms of antibacterial action of these compounds reveals that they work by disrupting bacterial cell membranes, inhibiting protein synthesis, and interfering with bacterial metabolism. This literature review aims to examine existing studies on the antibacterial potential of Allium spp., reviewing the bioactive compounds involved, their mechanisms of action, and their effectiveness in inhibiting bacterial growth, including antibiotic-resistant pathogens such as methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Escherichia coli. The findings of this review indicate that while their effectiveness may vary depending on the specific compound and form of application, Allium spp. shows considerable promise as a natural alternative for combating bacterial infections and addressing the growing issue of antibiotic resistance. This article provides deeper insights into the relevance and potential of Allium spp. in the development of antimicrobial therapies based on natural sources through a literature-based approach.