STUDI KOMPARASI IMPLEMENTASI PENGECUALIAN “BAHAYA DI LAUT” BERDASARKAN HAGUE VISBY RULES DAN HUKUM INDONESIA
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24002/jep.v42i1.10150Keywords:
Force Majeure, Carriage of Goods, Hague Visby Rules, Perils of the SeaAbstract
Perils of the sea is an exclusion clause that can exempt sea carriers from liability for cargo damage. This doctrine is globally recognized, including under the preeminent convention in carriage of goods by sea, the Hague-Visby Rules, and the Indonesian Commercial Code. This study aims to compare the interpretation of Indonesian positive law with that of other State parties to the Hague-Visby Rules. Utilizing a qualitative method with a comparative-legal approach, this study finds that Indonesia, as a civil law jurisdiction, tends to equate perils of the sea with the doctrine of force majeure, rather than adopting it as an independent doctrine as commonly implemented in common law jurisdiction. The absence of specific parameters and indicators regarding the implementation of this doctrine within Indonesian domestic law creates legal uncertainty that blurs the line between pure maritime risks and human error mistakes. This loophole potentially undermines the Indonesian maritime commercial climate, as carriers can evade their liability. This study concludes that there is a need for the synchronization of the interpretation of perils of the sea doctrine by Indonesian courts to ensure equitable legal certainty.
References
Buku
Austen-Baker, R., et. al., 2022, Principles of Commercial Law, Edward Elgar Publishing, United Kingdom.
Chacón, V.H, The Obligation of Practicing Due Diligence in the Carriage of Goods by Sea in Víctor Hugo Chacón (ed), 2017, The Due Diligence in Maritime Transportation in the Technological Era, Springer International Publishing, London.
Comité Maritime International, 2011, The Travaux Préparatoires of the Hague and of the Hague Visby Rules, in Carver on Bills of Lading, 3rd Edition, Sweet & Maxwel, London.
Deakin, Simon, et. al., 2007, Markesinis and Deakin’s Tort Law, 6th edn, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Harahap, M. Y., 2017, Hukum Acara Perdata: tentang Gugatan, Persidangan, Penyitaan, Pembuktian, dan Putusan Pengadilan, Sinar Grafika, Jakarta.
Ping-fat, S., 2021, Carrier’s Liability under the Hague, Hague-Visby and Hamburg Rules, Brill Nijhoff, Leiden.
Purwosutjipto, H.M.N., 2007, Pengertian Pokok Hukum Dagang Indonesia, Djambatan, Jakarta.
Song, M., 2024, Causation in Insurance Contract Law, Informa Law from Routledge, London.
Soyer, B., and Tettenborn A., 2017, Charterparties: Law, Practice and Emerging Legal Issues, Informa Law from Routledge, Abingdon, Oxon, New York.
Sullivan, E., 1999, The Marine Encyclopaedic Dictionary, Informa Law from Routledge, London.
Thomas, R., 2015, The Modern Law of Marine Insurance: Volume Four, Informa Law from Routledge, London.
Uçar A., 2020, Perils of the Seas and Inherent Vice in Marine Insurance Law, Routledge, London.
Watson, Alan, 1998, The Digest of Justinian, Volume 4, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania.
Jurnal
Alfayed, Yagie, & Dewi, Aditya Mutiara, “Analisis Penerapan Klaim Asuransi Kecelakaan Kerja Bagi Kru Kapal PT. Atosim Lampung Pelayaran (ALP)”, National Seminar on Maritime and Interdisciplinary Studies, Vol. 3, No. 1, 2021.
Dira Putra, Krisna Dwipayana, I Nyoman Sukandia, I Made Aditya Mantara Putra, "Tinjauan Yuridis Agreement and Responsibility (Perjanjian dan Tanggung Jawab) Industri Ekspor Kargo dalam Pengangkutan Melalui Laut", Jurnal Preferensi Hukum, Vol. 4, No. 2, 2023.
Fernatha, Deny, "Perikatan yang Dilahirkan dari Sebuah Perjanjian Berdasarkan Pasal 1332 KUHPerdata tentang Barang Dapat Menjadi Objek Perjanjian", Journal of Law, Vol. 7, No. 2, 2021.
Girvin, Stephen, "The Carrier’s Fundamental Duties to Cargo under the Hague and Hague-Visby Rules", The Journal of International Maritime Law, Vol. 25, No. 6, 2019.
Halomoan, Putra, "Pertanggungjawaban Hukum Pengangkutan Terhadap Penumpang dan Barang Angkutan Disebabkan Kelalaian", Al-Ihkam: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga, Vol. 16, No. 2, 2024.
Hamid, Abdul, Putri, Sofia Herlina, Vinanti Putri Tilani, "Tanggung Jawab Pengangkut Kapal Atas Rusaknya Barang Muatan Berdasarkan Prinsip Tanggung Jawab Pengangkutan Laut", Samudera Hukum, Vol. 1 No 1, 2022.
Husna, Saraya, Levina Yustitianingtyas, "Tanggung Jawab Ekspedisi Muatan Kapal Laut (EMKL) Bagi Pengguna Jasa Akibat Barang Yang Rusak/Hilang Selama Proses Pengiriman Melalui Laut", Cakrawala Hukum: Majalah Ilmiah Fakultas Hukum Universitas Wijaya Kusuma, Vol. 24, Issue 2, 2022.
Hatta, Muhammad, Dewi Astutty Mochtar, Mohammad Ghufron AZ, "Prinsip Tanggung Jawab Pengangkut pada Pengangkutan Laut di Indonesia", Bhirawa Law Journal, Vol. 2, Issue 1, 2021.
International Chamber of Shipping, “Shipping and World Trade: World Seaborne Trade”, International Construction Law Review, Vol. 20, No. 2, 2002.
Isradjuningtias, A. C., ‘Force Majeure (Overmacht) dalam Hukum Kontrak (Perjanjian) Indonesia", Veritas et Justitia, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2015.
Jee-Moon, Pak, “A Comparative Study on Marine Transport Contract and Marine Insurance Contract with Reference to Unseaworthiness”, Journal of Korea Trade, Vol. 25, 2021.
Kamila, Meiliana, Imam Haryanto, "Tanggung Jawab Hukum Perusahaan Ekspedisi Atas Hilangnya Barang Konsumen", Jurnal USM Law Review, Vol. 5, No. 2, 2022.
Kang, Cindy, Pinsolle-Dubourg Quentin, Dao Gia Phuc, David Tan, "The Applicability of Force Majeure Clause During the Covid-19 Pandemic in Indonesia and France", Jurnal Komunikasi Hukum, Vol. 7, No. 2, Agustus 2021.
Katsivela, Marel, “Perils of the Sea under English, French and Greek Law; a Perilous Venture?”, The Journal of International Maritime Law, Vol. 20, 2014.
Katsivela, Marel, “Qualifying the Hague and Visby Rules Sea Peril Exception under English, Canadian, United States, French, Italian, and Greek Law”, University of New Brunswick Law Journal, Vol. 66, 2015.
Katsivela, Marel, “The Treatment of the Sea Peril Exception of the Hague-Visby Rules in Common Law and Civil Law Jurisdictions”, Justia Digest: WMU J Marit Affairs, Vol. 16, 2017.
Mammadli, G., "Liability Issue of the Sub-Carrier in the Carriage of Goods by Sea", Baku State University Law Review, Vol. 6, No. 1, February 2020.
Maulinasari, Leyla, "General Review of Legal Relations and Responsibility Carriers in Sea Transportation", International Law Discourse in Southeast Asia, Vol. 1, 2022.
Mihardja, Anita, et. al., “Vicarious Liability: Perspektif Masa Kini”, Jurnal Education and Development, Vol. 8, No. 1, 2020.
Prasetyo, Edy, Arief Budiono, Jan Alizea, "Pertanggung Jawaban Hukum Pihak Ekspedisi Pengiriman Terhadap Barang Hilang atau Rusak”, Jurnal Penegakan Hukum dan Keadilan, Vol. 5, No.1, 2024
Purba, Jaya Irianto, Hulman Panjaitan, Gindo L Tobing, "Limitations on Insurance Subrogation Rights and Carrier Responsibilities: Case Analysis of Decision 452/PDT/2021/PT.DKI In Sea Freight", Jurnal Ekonomi, Vol. 13, No. 2, 2024.
Purba, Maranatha, Vinensi Patricia Purba, "Penyelesaian Sengketa Wanprestasi Terkait Konosemen/Bill of Lading dalam Pengangkutan Barang Melalui Laut (Studi Putusan No.648/Pdt.G/2021/PN SBY)", Jurnal Hukum Justice, Vol. 3, No. 2, 2026.
Yilmaz, Mustafa, "The Evolution of the Obligation of Seaworthiness from the Hague Rules to the Rotterdam Rules", Selçuk Law Review, Vol. 29, No. 2, 2021.
Van Dunné, Jan, “The Change of The Guards: Force Majeure and Frustration in Construction Venture?”, The Journal of International Maritime Law, Vol. 20, No. 2, 2020, 2014.
Van Dunné, Jan, "The Change of The Guards: Force Majeure and Frustration in Construction Contracts: The Foreseeability Requirement Replaced by Normative Risk Allocation", International Construction Law Review, Vol. 20, No. 2, 2002.
Internet
Indonesian National Shipowners' Association (INSA), "Peta Jalan Industri Pelayaran 2024–2029: Pemberdayaan Industri Pelayaran Indonesia", https://tenggara.id/project/shipping-industry-roadmap-2024-2029-empowering-the-indonesian-shipping-industry/download/93, diakses pada 17 Mei 2026.
International Monetary Fund (IMF), “Special Drawing Rights (SDR)”, https://www.imf.org/en/Topics/special-drawing-right, diakses pada 17 Mei 2026.
Peraturan Perundang-undangan
International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law Relating to Bills of Lading, (ditandatangani 25 Agustus 1924).
Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Dagang (Staatblad tahun 1847 Nomor 23).
Peraturan Menteri Perdagangan No. 29/M-DAG/PER/5/2017 tentang Perdagangan Antarpulau (Berita Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2017 Nomor 720).
Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 20 Tahun 2010 tentang Angkutan di Perairan (“PP 20/2010”) sebagaimana telah diubah dengan Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 22 Tahun 2011 tentang Perubahan atas Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 20 Tahun 2010 tentang Angkutan di Perairan yang kemudian diperbarui oleh Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 31 Tahun 2021 tentang Penyelenggaraan Bidang Pelayaran (Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 2021 Nomor 41 Tambahan Lembaran Negara Nomor 6643).
Protocol to Amend the International Convention for the Unification of Certain Rules of Law Relating to Bills of Lading, (ditandatangani 23 Februari 1968). Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2018 tentang Pelayaran sebagaimana telah diubah melalui Undang-Undang Nomor 66 tahun 2024 tentang Perubahan Ketiga atas Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2008 tentang Pelayaran dan Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2023 tentang Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2022 tentang Cipta Kerja menjadi undang-undang (Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 4849).
Putusan Pengadilan
Putusan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 2301K/Pdt/2009, PT Karunia Berca Indonesia melawan PT. Sarana Penida.
Putusan Mahkamah Agung Nomor 2821K/Pdt/2014, PT. Asuransi Allianz Utama Indonesia melawan PT Mulia Borneo Mandiri.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
