Perubahan Histologi Otak Mencit (Mus musculus) Akibat Efek Neurotoksik Paparan Subletal Insektisida Organofosfat Klorpirifos
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24002/biota.v11i1.13073Keywords:
Batang otak, otak besar, otak kecil, klorpirifos, mencit (Mus musculus)Abstract
karena efektivitasnya tinggi terhadap hama, namun bersifat neurotoksik yang bekerja dengan menghambat enzim asetilkolinesterase (AChE) menyebabkan penumpukan asetilkolin, peningkatan Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), dan stres oksidatif, akibatnya kematian sel dan berujung pada kerusakan neuron dan sel glial di otak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengamati perubahan histologis otak mencit (Mus musculus) akibat paparan subletal insektisida organofosfat klorpirifos. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain true experimental laboratories post-test only control group dengan 27 ekor mencit jantan yang dibagi menjadi kelompok kontrol, paparan 7 hari, dan 14 hari. Klorpirifos dosis 12 mg/kgBB/hari diberikan secara oral. Setelah perlakuan, dilakukan nekropsi dan pengambilan otak mencit. Pengamatan histologi cerebrum, cerebellum, dan batang otak dilakukan dengan pewarnaan hematoksilin-eosin lalu dianalisis secara deskriptif dan uji One-Way Anova serta uji lanjutan Tukey HSD. Hasil menunjukkan peningkatan signifikan jumlah neuron dan neuroglia nekrosis (p=0.000; p<0,05) disertai gambaran inti piknotik, vakuolisasi sitoplasma, kromatolisis dan hipereosinofik. Gejala tremor dan ataksia tampak nyata dan terdapat penurunan berat badan antar kelompok (p=0,046) terutama pada paparan minggu pertama. Simpulannya paparan subletal klorpirifos menimbulkan kerusakan histologis otak yang berdampak terhadap sistem motorik dan status metabolik mencit (Mus musculus).
References
Aboubakr, M., Elshafae, S. M., Abdelhiee, E. Y., Fadl, S. E., Soliman, A., Abdelkader, A., Abdel-Daim, M. M., Bayoumi, K. A., Baty, R. S., Elgendy, E., Elalfy, A., Baioumy, B., Ibrahim, S. F., & Abdeen, A. (2021). Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of thymoquinone and lycopene mitigate the chlorpyrifos-induced toxic neuropathy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland), 14(9), 940. https://doi.org/10.3390/PH14090940
Adeyinka, A., Muco, E., Regina, A. C., & Pierre, L. (2023). Organophosphates. In Weapons of Mass Destruction: An Encyclopedia of Worldwide Policy, Technology, and History. Berghahn Books https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1850hst.14
Aroniadou-Anderjaska, V., Figueiredo, T. H., de Araujo Furtado, M., Pidoplichko, V. I., & Braga, M. F. M. (2023a). Mechanisms of organophosphate toxicity and the role of acetylcholinesterase inhibition. Toxics, 11(10), 866. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics11100866
Aroniadou-Anderjaska, V., Figueiredo, T. H., de Araujo Furtado, M., Pidoplichko, V. I., & Braga, M. F. M. (2023b). Mechanisms of organophosphate toxicity and the role of acetylcholinesterase inhibition. Toxics, 11(10), 866. https://doi.org/10.3390/TOXICS11100866
Blanco, J., Guardia-Escote, L., Mulero, M., Basaure, P., Biosca-Brull, J., Cabré, M., Colomina, M. T., Domingo, J. L., & Sánchez, D. J. (2020). Obesogenic effects of chlorpyrifos and its metabolites during the differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 137, 111171. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FCT.2020.111171,
Eronat, K., & Sagir, D. (2020). Protective effects of curcumin and Ganoderma lucidum on hippocampal damage caused by the organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos in the developing rat brain: Stereological, histopathological and immunohistochemical study. Acta Histochemica, 122(7), 151621. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ACTHIS.2020.151621
FAO. (2022). Pesticides Use (agricultural use). Faostat. Retrieved from https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/RP
Farkhondeh, T., Mehrpour, O., Sadeghi, M., Aschner, M., Aramjoo, H., Roshanravan, B., & Samarghandian, S. (2022). A systematic review on the metabolic effects of chlorpyrifos. Reviews on Environmental Health, 37(1), 137–151. https://doi.org/10.1515/REVEH-2020-0150,
Garcia, C. M., John, Y. J., Barbas, H., & Zikopoulos, B. (2016). Distinction of neurons, glia and endothelial cells in the cerebral cortex: an algorithm based on cytological Features. Frontiers in Neuroanatomy, 10, 107. https://doi.org/10.3389/FNANA.2016.00107
Giacci, M. K., Bartlett, C. A., Smith, N. M., Iyer, K. S., Toomey, L. M., Jiang, H., Guagliardo, P., Kilburn, M. R., & Fitzgerald, M. (2018). Oligodendroglia are particularly vulnerable to oxidative damage after neurotrauma In Vivo. Journal of Neuroscience, 38(29), 6491–6504. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1898-17.2018
Gupta, R. C. (2019). Biomarkers in Toxicology. In Biomarkers in Toxicology. Academic Press https://doi.org/10.1016/C2017-0-01788-3
Jamalia, S. (2022). Perubahan Gambaran Histopatologi Hepar Tikus Remaja akibat Paparan Subkronis Klorpirifos, Karbofuran dan Sipermetrin [Bachelor's Thesis]. Universitas Jember https://repository.unej.ac.id/xmlui/handle/123456789/108171
Kaur, S., Singla, N., & Dhawan, D. K. (2019). Neuro-protective potential of quercetin during chlorpyrifos induced neurotoxicity in rats. Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 42(2), 220–230. https://doi.org/10.1080/01480545.2019.1569022
Lin, J. W., Fu, S. C., Liu, J. M., Liu, S. H., Lee, K. I., Fang, K. M., Hsu, R. J., Huang, C. F., Liu, K. M., Chang, K. C., Su, C. C., & Chen, Y. W. (2023). Chlorpyrifos induces neuronal cell death via both oxidative stress and Akt activation downstream-regulated CHOP-triggered apoptotic pathways. Toxicology in Vitro : An International Journal Published in Association with BIBRA, 86. 105483. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TIV.2022.105483
Liu, H., Zhang, X., Shi, P., Yuan, J., Jia, Q., Pi, C., Chen, T., Xiong, L., Chen, J., Tang, J., Yue, R., Liu, Z., Shen, H., Zuo, Y., Wei, Y., & Zhao, L. (2023). Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor: a key receptor in the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway exerting an antidepressant effect. Journal of Neuroinflammation, 20(1), 84. https://doi.org/10.1186/S12974-023-02768-Z
Lorenzo, C. (2023). Brainstem: Definition, anatomy, parts, function Kenhub. KENHUB. Retrieved from https://www.kenhub.com/en/library/anatomy/the-brainstem
Ludwig, P. E., & Das, J. M. (2023). Histology, Glial Cells. StatPearls. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441945/
Meggs, W. J., & Brewer, K. L. (2007). Weight gain associated with chronic exposure to chlorpyrifos in rats. Journal of Medical Toxicology, 3(3), 89. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03160916
Narwanto, M. I., Purwandhono, A., Sofiana, K., Febianti, Z., Putri, E. R. M., & Jauhani, M. A. (2022). Neurotoxicity of chlorpyrifos, carbofuran, and cypermethrin in adolescent rats’ brain. Majalah Kedokteran Bandung, 54(4), 202–207. https://doi.org/10.15395/mkb.v54n4.2749
Pearson, J. N., & Patel, M. (2016). The role of oxidative stress in organophosphate and nerve agent toxicity. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1378(1), 17–24. https://doi.org/10.1111/NYAS.13115
Ramadhan, L. (2015). Pengaruh Pemberian Curcumin Atau Vitamin C Terhadap Perubahan Histopatologi Jantung Neonatus Mencit (Mus Musculus) Yang Dipapar Insektisida Karbofuran Pada Induk Mencit Periode Laktasi [Bachelor's Thesis]. Universitas Airlangga.
Ridano, M. E., Racca, A. C., Flores-Martin, J. B., Fretes, R., Bandeira, C. L., Reyna, L., Bevilacqua, E., Genti-Raimondi, S., & Panzetta-Dutari, G. M. (2017). Impact of chlorpyrifos on human villous trophoblasts and chorionic villi. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 329, 26–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TAAP.2017.05.026
Rohmah, W., Ghaisani, U. M., & Mayasari, D. (2019). Efek paparan kronik pestisida organofosfat terhadap sistem saraf pusat the effect of chronic exposure of organophosphate pesticide on central nerve System. J Agromedicine, 6(2), 388–393.
Sherif, M. A., Carter, W. G., & Mellor, I. R. (2025). Chlorpyrifos acts as a positive modulator and an agonist of n-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors: a novel mechanism of chlorpyrifos-induced neurotoxicity. Journal of Xenobiotics 2025, 15(1), 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/JOX15010012
Sihombing, G. Y., Sasputra, I. N., & Hutasoit, R. (2021). Hubungan inhalasi lem jenis perekat karet kloroprena terhadap gambaran histopatologi korteks serebrum tikus putih sprague dawley. Cendana Medical Journal (CMJ), 9(2), 272–280. https://doi.org/10.35508/cmj.v9i2.5980
Singh, V., & Panwar, R. (2014). In vivo antioxidative and neuroprotective effect of 4-Allyl-2-methoxyphenol against chlorpyrifos-induced neurotoxicity in rat brain. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 388(1–2), 61–74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11010-013-1899-9
Tangkeallo, E. M. (2024). Pengaruh Pemberian Konsentrat Buah Tomat (Solanum lycopersicum.L) Terhadap Histopatologi Otak Mencit (Mus musculus) yang diberikan Siklosporin [Bachelor's Thesis]. Universitas Hasanudin
Tartila, J. (2021). Tinjauan Naratif Dampak Paparan Kronis Pestisida Organofosfat Terhadap Insidensi Tumor Otak Primer Pada Petani. [Bachelor's Thesis]. Universitas Jember https://repository.unej.ac.id/xmlui/handle/123456789/105849
Weis, G. C. C., Assmann, C. E., Mostardeiro, V. B., Alves, A. de O., da Rosa, J. R., Pillat, M. M., de Andrade, C. M., Schetinger, M. R. C., Morsch, V. M. M., da Cruz, I. B. M., & Costabeber, I. H. (2021). Chlorpyrifos pesticide promotes oxidative stress and increases inflammatory states in BV-2 microglial cells: A role in neuroinflammation. Chemosphere, 278, 130417. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2021.130417
WHO. (2024). Preventing suicide by phasing out highly hazardous pesticides. World Health Organization. Retrieved From https://www.who.int/publications/m/item/preventing-suicide-by-phasing-out-highly-hazardous-pesticides
Wolejko, E., Lozowicka, B., Jablonska-Trypuc, A., Pietruszynska, M., & Wydro, U. (2022). Chlorpyrifos occurrence and toxicological risk assessment: a review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(19), 12209. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912209
Yamaguchi, M., Seki, T., Imayoshi, I., Tamamaki, N., Hayashi, Y., Tatebayashi, Y., & Hitoshi, S. (2016). Neural stem cells and neuro/gliogenesis in the central nervous system: understanding the structural and functional plasticity of the developing, mature, and diseased brain. The Journal of Physiological Sciences, 66(3), 197–206. https://doi.org/10.1007/S12576-015-0421-4
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Irfan Abdullah Rojab, Liah Kodariah, Siti Nurjanah, Rachel Roma Uliana Situmorang, Vina Salmanda Junaedi, Indri, Fachriza Ali Rochmana
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with Biota : Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu-Ilmu Hayati agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the Biota : Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu-Ilmu Hayati right of first publication. Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in Biota : Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu-Ilmu Hayati, and as long as Author is not used for commercial purposes.
