Banyan (Ficus) Presence and Spring Quantity–Quality Associations in Gendol Hill, Bulukerto, Wonogiri
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24002/biota.v11i2.14019Keywords:
Gendol Hill, Ficus, Springs, Water quantity, Water qualityAbstract
Springs are primary water sources for rural communities and are sensitive to land-cover changes in recharge areas; therefore, assessing spring quantity and quality is essential for local water security. This study examines the association between banyan (Ficus) presence and spring quantity and water quality in Gendol Hill, Geneng Village, Wonogiri. A quantitative descriptive design was applied during the dry season, including an inventory of all springs and spatial documentation of nearby Ficus. Spring quantity was measured as flow/discharge, while water quality was evaluated using physico-chemical parameters (temperature, dissolved oxygen/DO, electrical conductivity/EC, salinity) and microbiological testing for Escherichia coli. All springs were perennial and showed variability in spring quantity (Meinzer classes V–VII). Ficus occurred at most spring outlets, paired comparisons of selected nearby springs indicated higher spring quantity at sites with Ficus than at sites without Ficus, although the pattern was not uniform across locations. E. coli was detected in three springs, while seven were negative. DO ranged from 1.93 to 4.99 ppm and temperature from 20.70 to 27.52°C, suggesting heterogeneous outlet conditions. These findings support spring protection zoning and sanitation management, alongside conserving woody vegetation as a supporting element for spring-ecosystem stability.
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